Glossary

The access point serves Wi-Fi; the controller manages all of them at once, so a setting is defined once and a device roams between points without dropping the connection.

A code from the state classification that marks a company's predominant activity at registration - the one bringing in most of the revenue. Other lawful work needs no separate entry, but banks and buyers read the code, and it can decide admission to a tender.

An invoice for a prepayment received: VAT falls due when the money arrives, not only on delivery. With long lead time equipment this is the usual pair - the advance invoice first, then the final one that offsets it. Without the advance invoice in SEF the buyer cannot deduct VAT on the prepayment.

Money paid up front, in whole or in part, before the equipment ships; suppliers ask for it on made-to-order items and on goods bought in specially. The risk then sits with the buyer; only a bank guarantee for the return of the advance removes it, and currency rules cap how long the goods may take to arrive.

A customs status for a regular exporter: the company writes the origin declaration on its own invoice instead of obtaining a EUR.1 for every consignment. Shipping is faster, but each declaration has to be logged and the origin evidence kept.

The state agency that keeps the register of Serbian companies and entrepreneurs: a firm legally exists from the moment the registrar issues its decision. The database is public and free, so before paying a supplier in advance it is worth checking that it is active and who may sign the contract.

An international document for taking goods in and out temporarily: in countries party to the convention it replaces national declarations, duty and security. In Serbia the Chamber of Commerce issues it. Suited to demo units, samples and measuring equipment that come back.

The status of a trusted trader, granted by customs after a check of records, solvency and past breaches. The holder is inspected less often and may use simplified procedures, so it is worth checking whether the broker handling the shipment has it.

The air carrier's waybill: it confirms receipt of the cargo and the terms of carriage, and its number tracks the shipment along the whole route. Unlike a bill of lading it cannot be passed to another party - the goods go only to the named consignee, so it will not hold them back until payment.

A bank's promise to pay an agreed sum if its client fails to perform. In equipment supply an advance payment guarantee returns the prepayment when delivery falls through, while separate guarantees cover performance of the contract and the warranty period.

The bank's daily statement of the current account, showing only payments that actually went through. Bookkeeping clears supplier debts against it, and the payment date is the statement date, not the day the payment order was sent.

A court procedure over a company that has stopped paying its debts or owes more than it owns. The director's powers end and a court-appointed administrator runs the business. An advance paid to such a supplier becomes one claim among all the creditors.

The supplier's formal answer to the tender documentation, filed electronically through the state procurement portal. A company may submit only one bid - going alone, in a joint bid and as a subcontractor at once gets all of them rejected. Until the deadline a bid can still be changed or withdrawn.

A bank guarantee the buyer may require as proof that a bid is serious: the bank pays if the bidder withdraws the bid or refuses to sign the contract. The law caps it at a share of the bid value. A free limit at the bank is arranged in advance and the fee belongs in the price.

The period during which a supplier stays bound by the submitted bid and must sign the contract on the terms stated in it. Purchase price, exchange rate and freight all stay your risk throughout, so the buffer goes into the price from the start.

A sea carrier's document: a receipt for the cargo and, at the same time, the right to dispose of it. The original passes to another party together with that right, so the container goes to whoever presents it at the port - which is what makes settlement by letter of credit work.

A division of a foreign company in Serbia with no legal personality of its own. It is entered in the register, holds a resident bank account and is taxed in Serbia, so it can buy, import, sell and invoice locally - but the parent answers for its debts without limit.

Several separate shipments are collected at one warehouse and sent on as a single consignment. Orders from different suppliers travel under one set of documents, but at the destination port the container is split back by consignee, which adds a few days to the transit.

A policy on the goods themselves: damage, loss and theft while they move. Carrier liability is a separate thing - it is capped per kilogram of weight and falls away once the carrier shows it was not at fault, so costly equipment is insured on its own and the cover is arranged before dispatch.

One list of everything travelling on the same vessel or aircraft: shippers and consignees, transport document numbers, weights. The consignee does not file it, yet a mismatch with the shipping papers means inspection, a container held at the terminal and a bill for the standing time.

A mark by which the manufacturer itself declares that a product meets the applicable EU rules - electrical safety, electromagnetic compatibility, hazardous substances. It is not a state certificate and not a quality label, and it does not replace Serbian requirements.

A free trade agreement among the countries of the region: most goods move inside the zone without duty. Origin can be cumulated with the EU, so equipment from neighbours clears at the preferential rate - as long as the origin proof is valid.

A Serbian Chamber of Commerce document stating that goods were made in the country rather than imported and resold. The procurement law in force gives no preference for domestic origin, so the certificate matters only where a buyer asks for proof of origin, and it is issued for one named procurement.

A non-preferential document that the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Serbia issues on the exporter's written request. It confirms the country of manufacture to the buyer, to a letter-of-credit bank or to the importing customs, but it does not cut the duty.

The seller pays the freight to the destination port, but risk passes to the buyer back at loading, and the seller owes no insurance - that is what separates CFR from CIF. Import clearance and the charges due on arrival stay with the buyer.

CFR plus cover: the seller also insures the cargo in the buyer's favour, while risk still passes at the port of shipment. The compulsory minimum cover is narrow and pays only on listed events, so wider protection has to be written into the contract.

The same as CPT, except that the seller must also insure the goods in the buyer's favour, at a broad level of cover. Risk still passes at the start of carriage, so on expensive equipment the policy is what separates CIP from CPT.

The consignment note for international road transport: sender, consignee, cargo, weight, points of loading and unloading. It proves the terms of carriage in a damage claim, but the carrier's payout is capped by weight, not by price. For light, costly equipment the cap is lifted by declaring the value for a surcharge.

An eight-digit number given to a company once and for good: a change of name, address or owner leaves it untouched. Contracts and invoices carry it next to the tax number (PIB), and it is what confirms a counterparty is the company named.

An umbrella term in Serbian law: it covers a certificate, a test report, an inspection report and the manufacturer's own declaration alike. A certificate comes from a designated body, a declaration is signed by the supplier. On import, customs asks to see one for part of the goods.

The rule that decides the winner: price alone, life-cycle cost, or the balance of price and quality. The third option scores specifications, service, staff experience and delivery time, and the weightings are published in advance - the chance to win without being cheapest.

The seller arranges and pays for carriage to the named destination, but risk moves earlier - as soon as the first carrier takes charge of the goods. Neither side is obliged to insure them, so damage in transit is the buyer's own loss.

The largest amount of unpaid invoices a supplier will keep open for a single buyer. The supplier sets that cap itself or a trade credit insurer approves it, and a worse rating cuts or withdraws it - so a long-standing supplier suddenly asks for prepayment.

A rule that counts materials and processing from a partner country as domestic, so the finished item still qualifies for preferential origin. It is what makes regional assembly work: a device built from EU and neighbouring parts goes back to the EU duty-free.

A company that takes on the client's customs formalities: it picks the tariff code, files the declaration and usually advances duty and VAT. Representation is direct or indirect - under indirect the broker is liable for the customs debt alongside the client.

The obligation of a named person to pay import or export duties. It arises when customs accept the declaration for an import procedure, and also from a breach - goods leaving the warehouse while still under supervision. It is calculated at the rates in force on the day it arises.

The filing that places goods under a chosen customs procedure; in Serbia it goes on the single administrative document, now almost always electronically. Whoever files it answers for the data, and it is the buyer's evidence of the duty and VAT charged.

Security that the customs debt will be paid, as a cash deposit or a bank guarantee. Customs asks for it while goods move or sit with duty unpaid - transit, a customs warehouse, temporary admission - and when payment is deferred. Until it is released the money is tied up.

The base the duty is worked out on: the transaction price plus what the buyer pays on top of it up to import - carriage, insurance, loading, packing. Installation, training and inland delivery stay outside it when the contract prices them separately.

A regime in which foreign goods sit under customs supervision while duties and VAT stay unpaid until release for free circulation. Warehouses are public or private, and customs grants the authorisation. For an importer it means deferred payment and duty-free re-export of unsold stock.

The usual form of private company in Serbia: an owner risks only the capital put in, and personal assets stay out of it. Registered capital is nominal, and the company imports equipment, registers for VAT (PDV) and bids for tenders in its own name.

The seller brings the equipment to the named place and carries the risk until the vehicle arrives ready for unloading; unloading is the buyer's job. Import clearance, duty and import VAT are the buyer's, so a customs agent is still needed at the far end.

The seller delivers to the named address and handles import clearance, paying the duty and taxes. A foreign supplier is then the importer, so import VAT sits in the price with no deduction for the buyer; where that deduction matters, DAP is agreed instead.

The manufacturer's written statement that a product meets the requirements of a regulation - the supplier's own document, not a laboratory verdict. It is signed after conformity assessment and before the mark goes on, so it is worth asking the supplier for it early, with a Serbian translation.

The equipment ships straight away and the supplier is paid an agreed number of days later - in effect the seller lends the buyer the goods. The term is not open-ended: Serbian law on payment deadlines in commercial transactions sets a ceiling, a longer clause is void, and delay draws statutory interest.

The document that travels with the goods from the seller's warehouse to the buyer: what was shipped, how much and to whom, signed by both sides and naming the carrier. A combined invoice-and-delivery-note form proves the purchase only if it meets the rules for both.

A charge for keeping the container at the terminal beyond the free period: the count runs from discharge off the vessel until the box leaves the port gate, and it accrues by the day. The consignee usually pays, and the delay is most often late paperwork, so the documents are gathered before the ship arrives.

Writing off the cost of equipment into expenses in parts, over its working life. Serbia expects two calculations: an accounting one, using the life the company sets itself, and a tax one, using statutory groups and rates. IT equipment falls in a fast group, buildings in a slow one.

A charge for the time the carrier's container spends outside the terminal - from leaving the port until the empty box is handed back. Every extra day of unpacking at the warehouse is billed, and as the carrier sets the free days, buying more in advance costs less than the penalty rate.

The bank hands the shipping documents to the buyer only against payment or a written promise to pay by a set date. Without them the goods cannot be cleared, yet the bank guarantees nothing - so collection costs less than a letter of credit and protects less.

The only rule that also obliges the seller to unload: risk passes once the equipment is off the vehicle at the agreed place. Import clearance and import charges stay with the buyer, so the unloading point is best chosen with the customs warehouse in mind.

The average number of days between issuing an invoice and getting the money. A supplier reads it as a measure of the buyer's payment discipline and decides from it who is offered credit terms and who pays in advance.

An invoice in a structured format issued through the state SEF system; a PDF sent by ordinary email does not count as one. A received invoice has to be accepted in the system within the set deadline - between companies, silence counts as refusal and the VAT deduction is lost.

A sticker with a letter scale from A to G showing how much energy an appliance uses. The old plus classes are gone, so old and new letters cannot be compared. The label and the product information sheet come from the supplier with the goods, and market surveillance checks them.

An item whose characteristics are no worse than those specified and which may be supplied in place of the named one. Tender documents state separately whether equivalents are allowed.

The part of a till solution where the receipt is assembled - items, prices, payment method. It does not fiscalise the sale itself: the data goes to a fiscal receipt processor, which signs it. Only a version entered in the Tax Administration register may be used, and that is worth asking a POS vendor first.

ETD is the planned departure from the point of origin, ETA the estimated arrival at the destination. Both are estimates, shifted by weather, port queues and border delays, while the actual times are marked ATD and ATA. It is safer to plan the installation with a buffer after the ETA than on the date itself.

A certificate issued to the exporter by the customs authority in the country of export, proving that the goods have preferential origin. Without it, or an equivalent statement on the invoice, duty is charged at the normal rate, so it is asked for before shipping.

The gap between what a foreign currency invoice is worth in dinars on the day it is issued and on the day it is paid. A price agreed in euros is not a fixed dinar amount, so a long prepayment or credit period can move the final cost away from the budget.

The principle that end-of-life disposal is paid for not by the buyer or the municipality but by whoever first placed the goods on that country's market. For imported equipment that is the importer, the duty is counted country by country, and part of the cost already sits in the price.

An official register document showing a company's recorded data as of the day of issue: address, capital, the director and the limits of their authority. Banks, notaries and tender organisers ask for it, usually a recent one - free online search shows the same facts but is not a document.

The seller only makes the equipment available at its own premises: it need not load it or clear it for export, and risk passes to the buyer there. Collection, carriage and both customs clearances fall to the buyer, who may struggle to file an export declaration abroad.

Selling the claim on an issued invoice to a bank or a licensed factoring company, so the supplier gets most of the money at once, minus a fee. For the buyer it means the invoice can change hands and payment then goes to the factor.

A rule for sea and inland waterway transport: delivery is complete once the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the port of shipment, and risk passes there. The seller clears export, while the buyer pays freight and import clearance. For containers, FCA is used instead.

The seller hands the goods to a carrier the buyer has engaged and clears them for export. At the seller's own premises risk passes once loading is done; at any other named place, once the vehicle arrives ready for unloading. Carriage and import are then the buyer's.

The container is booked in full for a single recipient and stays sealed until customs, so cargo is less likely to be mixed up or damaged in handling. It pays off on large shipments, but the whole container is charged even when half empty.

Prints fiscal receipts and reports sales data to the tax authority in the manner required in the country of operation.

A receipt issued through an electronic fiscal device: signed with the seller's certificate and carrying a QR code the buyer can scan to confirm the sale reached the Tax Administration. It is due on an advance payment too, not only on delivery. A faint printout leaves the code unreadable.

The regime under which every retail sale goes through an electronic fiscal device and the data reaches the tax authority at once. The till software in a shop or cafe has to be one of the models the authority has approved, otherwise the business cannot trade legally.

Property a company uses for more than a year and does not buy for resale: servers, racks, UPS units. It goes on the books at the purchase price including delivery and installation, and its cost moves into expenses gradually, not in full in the year it is paid for.

Risk passes to the buyer once the goods are loaded on board at the port of shipment; freight, insurance and import clearance are the buyer's concern from there. Freight forms part of the customs value, so it raises both the duty and the VAT. For containers, FCA fits better.

A preferential certificate of origin for countries that grant a concession unilaterally, under the Generalised System of Preferences. It does not work for the EU, which needs a EUR.1 or an origin declaration, so the format is agreed with the buyer up front.

The document that founds a company: a decision when there is one founder, an agreement when there are several. It fixes the owners, the name, the seat, contributions and shares. Every amendment is registered separately, or outsiders still rely on the earlier text.

An agreement that fixes the terms of future contracts in advance - the price above all, and quantities where that applies. Its maximum duration is capped by law. The procedure is run once, while orders for consumables and repeat batches follow later as separate contracts.

Serbia has not one agreement but a network: with the EU, its regional neighbours, Turkey, the EAEU, China and others. Each has its own origin rules and its own proof, so before buying it pays to check which one gives the lowest rate for that tariff line.

A forwarder arranges transport and customs clearance in its own name but at the client's expense: it picks the carrier, prepares the documents and presents the goods to customs. Insurance is not part of that work - it is ordered separately, or the equipment travels uninsured.

Status of goods that are no longer under customs supervision - obtained entirely in Serbia, or imported and released for free circulation. In practice it is the line between equipment that can be handed over and resold, and equipment still sitting at customs.

The buyer's internal record of goods received: the equipment arrived, was checked against the delivery note and the invoice for quantity and quality, and was booked into a given warehouse. Stock costing and any claim for shortage or damage rest on it.

Replacing a disk, power supply or fan without powering the equipment down. It decides whether a repair means stopping work.

On import the tax is worked out and collected by customs, not by the foreign supplier. The base is the customs value plus duty and the costs up to the first destination in Serbia. A VAT-registered company deducts it; for anyone else it stays in the price.

A set of three-letter rules from the International Chamber of Commerce that splits carriage, insurance and customs formalities between seller and buyer and fixes the point where risk passes. Payment, title and warranty stay outside it and belong in the contract itself.

The VAT a supplier has charged on an invoice or that was paid at import: it reduces the tax the buyer owes. The deduction rests on a correct invoice and on using the purchase in taxable business, so a paperwork slip on costly equipment costs the whole tax amount.

The use and assembly manual the buyer receives in Serbian; for imported equipment the importer provides the translation. Along with the declaration on the product itself this is separate work, planned into the lead time and budget of the delivery.

An invoice for equipment actually delivered or work actually done: both parties with their tax number PIB, number and date, line items, tax base and PDV. It lets the cost be booked and the tax deducted. Between PDV-registered firms it goes through the state SEF system, where it is accepted or rejected.

A procedure for bringing foreign goods in for processing, assembly or repair without import duties, with the result sent back out. It needs a customs authorisation and records linking the parts to the finished item. Typical for export assembly and warranty repair of someone else's equipment.

A screen in the kitchen instead of paper dockets: items arrive from the till, the chef marks them ready, and the floor sees the status.

The cargo takes up part of a container shared with other shippers' consignments, and you pay only for the space used. It suits a few pallets, but costs more per cubic metre and takes longer: the container waits to be filled, then is broken down at the port.

The time from order to arrival on site. It is often lead time rather than installation that sets the schedule for the whole project.

The bank, not the buyer, takes on the obligation to pay: the money reaches the seller against documents drawn up exactly as the credit requires. For an importer it is a way to avoid prepaying a supplier they barely know.

The voluntary closing of a solvent company: the owners appoint a liquidation administrator and the register publishes a notice so creditors can file their claims. The waiting periods are set by law, so a wind-up takes months, and if the assets fall short of the debts it turns into bankruptcy.

A part of a tender separated by type, volume or delivery location, with a bid submitted for it on its own. You can enter a large procurement with only the items you actually supply, without covering the whole list.

Tools and small equipment that either last less than a year or cost below the threshold set by regulation and the company's accounting policy. They are not depreciated over years but written off when issued for use: patch cables, headsets, hand tools.

A fiscal receipt processor that runs at the seller's own premises rather than on Tax Administration servers. It signs receipts locally, so the till keeps working when the connection drops and the stored documents go out later, within the legal deadline. The counter also needs a smart card reader.

A check on goods already on the market for safety and compliance with technical requirements, run by the inspectorate responsible for that product type. The inspector may request documents, order testing, ban sales or require a recall of the batch, so conformity papers are kept to hand.

Purchase cost minus accumulated depreciation - the part of the value not yet written off. Profit or loss on selling equipment is measured against it, yet it says nothing about market price: a working server can sit on the books at almost zero.

Plain country of manufacture - the "made in" line on the datasheet and in tender documents. It follows the place of the last substantial processing and drives tariff and labelling, but on its own it grants no preference.

A licence tied to one specific device. Retire the computer and the licence does not move to the new one - worth planning for when refreshing a fleet.

The default procedure: the invitation is published openly and any interested company may bid, with no pre-selection. The law ties the minimum bidding deadline to the value of the purchase - the smaller it is, the less time there is for manufacturer quotes, logistics and the bank guarantee.

Domestic goods are sent abroad for repair or processing and, on return, duty is charged on a relief basis - on the work and the added parts rather than on the whole item again. The customs authorisation has to be in hand before the goods leave, or the relief is lost.

A document setting out the contents of each package: items, quantities, weight and dimensions, but no prices. Customs checks the load against it, and at delivery the consignee can tell whether every box arrived and which one holds a missing part.

An EPAL euro pallet is 1200 × 800 mm, and about eleven of them cover the floor of a twenty-foot container. Pallet timber is heat-treated to the ISPM 15 standard, and light bulky cargo is charged on the space it takes up rather than on what the scales show.

The panel in the rack where every cable on a floor or in a building terminates. Connections change by moving a short patch cord rather than re-laying cable.

The form by which a company instructs its bank to move dinars to a payee. The key field is the payment reference, usually the supplier's invoice number: without it the payment is not matched to that invoice, and the supplier still counts it as unpaid.

The contract section that fixes when and how payment happens: the advance share, the credit period, currency and security. It is part of the price - a long credit period is priced into the quote, prepayment usually earns a discount. Serbian law caps that period.

A company's permanent tax number, unchanged by a new name, address or line of business. It goes on invoices, contracts and tender papers, and a free lookup in the public registers is the quickest way to check that a supplier really exists.

Power delivered over the same cable that carries the data. An access point or camera does not need a nearby socket, which frees up where it can go.

The till together with its software: it takes the order, prints the receipt and passes the data to the accounting system. Whether takings reconcile with stock depends on it.

The status goods have under a particular free trade agreement, giving a reduced or zero duty rate on import. It depends on where they were made and how far they were processed, not on the country of dispatch, and only a document proves it - otherwise the full rate applies.

A preliminary invoice issued before delivery, with items, quantities, price and payment terms. It is not an accounting document, but the specification is agreed on it and a bank accepts it as grounds for a payment abroad; the real invoice follows the shipment.

Buying goods, services or works with public money. Once the value reaches the figure set by law, the buyer must run a formal procedure on the state procurement portal; below it the purchase follows internal rules. That line decides whether the sale needs a bid or just an invoice.

The state system that carries the whole procedure: notices and tender documents are published there, questions go to the buyer, bids are submitted and appeals filed. Registration and downloads are free, but without an account no bid can be filed.

Equipment is mounted in a 19-inch rack and its height is measured in units: 1U is 44.45 mm. A 2U server takes twice the vertical space of a 1U one.

Several disks combined into one array. Depending on the RAID level this buys speed, tolerance of a disk failure, or both.

A list of contracts already performed, used to show experience and technical capacity. Gather confirmations from earlier buyers in advance: the evidence is called for during the procedure, with a short deadline to hand it over.

The main import procedure: once duties and VAT are paid, foreign goods become domestic and can be used and resold freely. Until release is granted the shipment stays under customs supervision and cannot leave the warehouse for installation on site.

A division of a foreign company limited to preparatory and supporting work: talks, market research, an office, local staff. It cannot trade or import in its own name, so selling or shipping equipment in Serbia calls for a branch or a d.o.o.

An appeal against the buyer's actions: the request goes through the Portal to the buyer and the Republic Commission at the same time and, as a rule, suspends the procedure. Deadlines are short, run from publication, and the fee is paid upfront.

The restriction of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment: lead, mercury, cadmium and a few more. The list and the permitted concentrations are revised over time, and exemptions exist for certain uses and spare parts, so RoHS is checked in the supplier's declaration.

Serbia's framework agreement with the EU, which created a free trade area between them. Most equipment coming from the EU clears without duty under it - provided the EUR.1 or the invoice origin declaration is filled in correctly.

A smart card or USB token holding the certificate the Tax Administration issues to one taxpayer and one point of sale. Every receipt is signed with it, and an unsigned document does not count as a fiscal receipt. A compatible card reader has to be budgeted into the till setup.

The state platform that carries invoices to public-sector buyers and invoices between VAT-registered companies. On a tender delivery, payment starts not with the shipment but with a correctly submitted invoice in this system.

The Serbian counterpart of CE. The manufacturer, its representative or the importer applies it after conformity assessment - the mark is neither sold nor issued by a certification body. On imported goods it usually goes on the packaging, leaving the product itself unchanged.

An agreement on the level of service: how quickly a request is acknowledged and work begins. It turns "call us and we will sort it out" into a measurable commitment.

A fee on goods that become a special waste stream once used; electrical, IT and telecom equipment are on that list. The importer or producer pays it, and the amount follows the weight and category of the item, so it belongs in the landed cost next to customs duty.

A list of items with exact characteristics and quantities. Costing and purchasing both run off it - the more precise it is, the fewer surprises on delivery.

A set wording on preferential origin that the exporter prints on the invoice instead of a EUR.1 form. Below a value threshold any exporter may use it; above it only an exporter authorised by customs, quoting its authorisation number. No trip to the customs office.

A single cabling infrastructure for the building covering network and telephony: routes, sockets, patch panels and labelling to one standard. It lets you move workplaces around without pulling new lines.

A licence for a period rather than in perpetuity. When the paid period ends, access stops - so renewals need planning ahead.

The number under which goods are classified in the customs nomenclature: the leading digits are international, the rest are national and are reissued every year. The code drives the duty, the VAT and any permits, so a server and its power supply can fall under different rates.

The set of materials with which a manufacturer proves conformity: product description, drawings, standards applied, calculations, risk analysis, test reports. The buyer does not get the file - it exists for inspections, so put the duty to produce it on request into the contract.

The section of the tender documents where the buyer lists the required characteristics of the goods. Naming one brand without allowing an equivalent is prohibited, so a specification written around a single manufacturer can be challenged.

A procedure for goods brought in for a limited period and taken back out unchanged, with relief from import duties, full or partial. Under partial relief the duty is paid in instalments for each month the goods stay under the procedure. Suits demo units, testing and rentals.

The set of documents the buyer publishes with the invitation: what is being bought, technical requirements, conditions for taking part, award criteria, contract terms and the forms to fill in. Read it before pricing anything - it lists the certificates, securities and delivery deadlines.

An Incoterms rule sets two separate points: where responsibility for the goods passes to the buyer, and how far the seller pays. Under CPT, CIP, CFR and CIF the two differ - carriage is paid to the destination, but the buyer carries the risk from the start of the journey.

A procedure under which foreign goods move across the customs territory to the office of destination without duties, covered by a guarantee. Serbia works in the common transit system NCTS with the T1 declaration. Equipment can be cleared near the buyer's own warehouse instead of at the border.

The time the goods spend moving: from dispatch to arrival at the destination. Customs clearance, goods receipt and the run to the warehouse fall outside it, so the whole delivery takes longer than the transit quoted, and any date named stays an estimate.

Keeps the load running when mains power fails - either until a generator starts, or at least long enough to shut the servers down cleanly.

The tax added on top of the price at each stage of a sale. Equipment quotes usually give the price without it and show the tax on a separate line, so a purchase budget is counted with the tax in it, or the final invoice comes out noticeably higher.

A company entered in the VAT register - obligatory once turnover passes the statutory threshold, voluntary below it. On an equipment purchase the difference is real money: a registered payer deducts the VAT charged, while for everyone else it stays in the cost.

A VAT report filed electronically through the ePorezi portal for every tax period, even one with no turnover; the tax is paid on the same deadline. Period length - month or quarter - follows turnover. VAT on purchased equipment is reclaimed here, so delivery paperwork has to be closed before the period ends.

The hypervisor is the layer that lets one physical server run several independent virtual machines, splitting processor, memory and storage between them.

A logical split of one physical network into several isolated ones. Guest Wi-Fi cannot see the finance department even though the cabling is shared.

A scheme where an organisation buys licences as a pool and manages them centrally instead of activating every workstation separately.

Within the warranty period a fault is put right at no extra charge. After it ends, servicing continues under a separate agreement.

A written or electronic statement of a voluntary warranty: who gives it, for which product, on what terms, for how long and where it applies. It counts as a warranty only if it gives more than the seller's statutory liability; for a company purchase the contract sets the service terms.

The rules for end-of-life electronics: such equipment does not go out with ordinary waste but to a licensed operator, and collection and recycling are paid for by whoever put it on the market. Old servers and UPS units are handed over on a record, so disposal belongs in the cost of ownership.

Tax the Serbian payer withholds from a payment to a foreign company and remits instead of the recipient - licences and royalties, interest, rent, some services. Without a residence certificate no double taxation treaty applies, and a licence bought abroad ends up costing more than the invoice.